Item Response Theory Framework Research Articles

Development and validation of health-oriented personal evaluation for the community-dwelling older person based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) offers a standardized international terminology to operationalize function management across multiple domains, but the summary score of the ICF qualifier scale provides limited information on the comparison of personal abilities and functioning difficulties. To enhance the interpretative power of the ICF-based Health-oriented Personal Evaluation for the community-dwelling older person (iHOPE-OP) scale through the implementation of the item response theory (IRT) modelling. This cross-sectional, multi-centre study administrated 161 ICF categories (58 on body functions, 15 on body structures, 60 on activities or participation and 28 on environmental factors) to evaluate the functional level of 338 older citizens (female = 158, male = 180) residing in community or supportive living facilities. The validation process encompassed assessing the IRT model fitness and evaluating the psychometric properties of the IRT-derived iHOPE-OP scale. The age of participants ranged from 60 to 94.57, with the mean age of 70. The analysis of non-parametric and parametric models revealed that the three-parameter logistic IRT model, with a dichotomous scoring principle, exhibited the best fit. The 53-item iHOPE-OP scale demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.9729, Guttman's lambda-2 = 0.9749, Molenaar-Sijtsma Statistic = 0.9803, latent class reliability coefficient = 0.9882). There was a good validity between person abilities and the Barthel Index (p < .001, r = .83), as well as instrumental activities of daily living (p < .001, r = .84). IRT methods generate the reliable and valid iHOPE-OP scale with the most discriminable and minimal items to represent the older person's functional performance at a comprehensive level. The use of the Wright map can aid in presby-functioning management by visualizing item difficulties and person abilities. Considering the intricate and heterogeneous health status of older persons, a single functional assessment tool might not fulfil the need to fully understand the multifaceted health status. For use in conjunction with the IRT and ICF framework, the reliable and valid iHOPE-OP scale was developed and can be applied to capture presby-functioning. The Wright map depicts the distribution of item difficulties and person abilities on the same scale that facilitates person-centred goal setting and tailors intervention.

Comparison of Two Methods for Determining Item Characteristic Functions and Latent Variable Time-Course for Pharmacometric Item Response Models

There are examples in the literature demonstrating different approaches to defining the item characteristic functions (ICF) and characterizing the latent variable time-course within a pharmacometrics item response theory (IRT) framework. One such method estimates both the ICF and latent variable time-course simultaneously, and another method establishes the ICF first then models the latent variable directly. To date, a direct comparison of the “simultaneous” and “sequential” methodologies described in this work has not yet been systematically investigated. Item parameters from a graded response IRT model developed from Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) study data were used as simulation parameters. Each method was evaluated under the following conditions: (i) with and without drug effect and (ii) slow progression rate with smaller sample size and rapid progression rate with larger sample size. Overall, the methods performed similarly, with low bias and good precision for key parameters and hypothesis testing for drug effect. The ICF parameters were well determined when the model was correctly specified, with an increase in precision in the scenario with rapid progression. In terms of drug effect, both methods had large estimation bias for the slow progression rate; however, this bias can be considered small relative to overall progression rate. Both methods demonstrated type 1 error control and similar discrimination between model with and without drug effect. The simultaneous method was slightly more precise than the sequential method while the sequential method was more robust towards longitudinal model misspecification and offers practical advantages in model building.

Generation of probabilistic synthetic data for serious games: A case study on cyberbullying

Synthetic data generation has been a growing area of research in recent years. However, its potential applications in serious games have yet to be thoroughly explored. Advances in this field could anticipate data modeling and analysis, as well as speed up the development process. To fill this gap in the literature, we propose a simulator architecture for generating probabilistic synthetic data for decision-based serious games. This architecture is designed to be versatile and modular so that it can be used by other researchers on similar problems (e.g., multiple choice exams, political surveys, any type of questionnaire). To simulate the interaction of synthetic players with the game, we use a cognitive testing model based on the Item Response Theory framework. We also show how probabilistic graphical models (in particular, Bayesian networks) can introduce expert knowledge and external data into the simulation. Finally, we apply the proposed architecture and methods in the case of a serious game focused on cyberbullying. We perform Bayesian inference experiments using a hierarchical model to demonstrate the identifiability and robustness of the generated data.

Validating light phenomena conceptual assessment through the lens of classical test theory and item response theory frameworks

The light phenomena conceptual assessment (LPCA) is a conceptual survey of light phenomena that has been recently established by physics education research (PER) scholars. Studying the LPCA psychometric properties is imperative to inform its measurement validity to potential LPCA users as well as general educational researchers. Classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT) are two popular statistical frameworks that can be utilized to explore the LPCA measurement validity. To our knowledge, no PER studies have attempted to make a head-to-head comparison of these methods while validating the LPCA. This study is the first to delineate the LPCA measurement by statistically comparing CTT- and IRT-based analyses. The LPCA dataset was drawn from physics students from eight secondary schools presented by Ndihokubwayo and Uwamahoro (2020 Phys. Educ. 55 035009). Our results accomplish harmony between the CTT and IRT arguments to estimate the LPCA item performance and student ability probed by the LPCA. They support the idea that the LPCA may be used as an inventory for evaluating conceptual understanding of light phenomena from the low to high ability range of students, and even some LPCA items should be flagged based on CTT- and IRT-based validity arguments. Special considerations for further refinement related to the discriminating power of problematic LPCA items are discussed.

Healthy aging trajectories and their predictors among Chinese older adults: Evidence from a 7-year nationwide prospective cohort study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify healthy aging trajectories of Chinese older adults, and explore the factors contributing to these trajectories. MethodsWe used data from four waves (2011–2018) of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We developed a healthy aging metric based on the healthy aging framework of World Health Organization (WHO) and Bayesian multilevel item response theory (IRT) method. The healthy aging trajectories were identified using the latent class growth analysis. The predictors of trajectories were explored using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Additionally, we developed two alternative metrics for healthy aging based on the Chinese Healthy Ageing Index (CHAI) and Rowe and Kahn's model of successful aging, respectively. We compared these metrics to the one developed based on the WHO's healthy aging framework. ResultsWe identified three distinct healthy aging trajectories with varying scores and decline rates. Individuals who were female, had lower educational levels, resided in rural areas, experienced depression, had more chronic diseases, participated in fewer social activities, had fewer childhood friends, experienced more adverse childhood events, and had worse family financial status in childhood were more likely to experience a worse healthy aging trajectory compared to their counterparts. Supplementary analysis showed that healthy aging metric based on WHO definition and IRT method had the strongest association with health outcomes compared to the metrics based on CHAI, as well as Rowe and Kahn model. ConclusionsOur findings provide a foundation for the development of tailored interventions to enhance and sustain healthy aging among Chinese older adults.

고전검사이론과 문항반응이론으로 살펴본 모의 TOEIC 문항분석

This study analyzed student test performance on the mock TOEIC in order to investigate the validity and reliability of the test items within a framework of Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The test, including 49 listening and 51 reading multiple-choice items, was administered to a total of 98 registered university students. Their responses to each test item were statistically analyzed with respect to four indices: item difficulty, item discrimination, item guessing and distractor’s attractiveness. For the analysis, each item was analyzed by applying CTT and IRT according to a 3-parameter logistic model with Pearson correlation coefficient and Kuder Richardson-20 (KR-20). According to the item analysis, it was found that the test displayed a high level of reliability of .920, and the difficulty level was .563, indicating that it was in the desirable range between .25 and .75. The mean discrimination power was also .368, which is within the desirable range of over .3. However, further statistical and qualitative item analyses found that the mock TOEIC contained test items within an inappropriate difficulty level, low item discrimination and implausible distractors. Therefore, this study provides suggestions for enhancing the quality of the mock TOEIC, which can also apply to future TOEICs.

Genetic associations with mixed neuropathologies in the aging brainGenetic associations with mixed neuropathologies in the aging brain

AbstractBackground““Mixed” neuropathologies (NPs) are common in aged brains. Classic Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) proteinopathies are amyloid‐β plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In addition, α‐synuclein and TDP‐43 are also key proteinaceous disease markers, and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) often coexist. Although the scientific problems regarding mixed NPs are increasingly recognized, genetic associations with mixed NPs have not been well‐investigated. In this study, we applied item response theory (IRT) to optimize the clustering and combination of mixed NPs and examined the genetic associations.MethodNP data were drawn from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) NP v10‐11 forms through the March 2022 data freeze, including Thal phase ratings (A score); Braak NFT stage (B score); CERAD neuritic plaque scores (C score); Lewy bodies (LBs); TDP‐43; hippocampal sclerosis (HS); cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA); infarct and lacunes; microinfarcts; atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis; and brain arteriolosclerosis. We determined dominant pathology patterns in 1,228 participants who had no missing data using a multidimensional graded response model within the IRT framework. The NACC NP data were linked to the U.S. Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers genetic data provided by the Alzheimer’s Disease genetic Consortium.ResultFrom the leave one out cross validation simulation, the model fitness tests showed that the 4‐factor model had fewer differences from the data than the other models. As shown in Figure, the predominant NPs were TDP‐43 and HS for factor 1 (F1), CVDs other than CAA for factor 2 (F2), A, B, and C scores and CAA for factor 3 (F3), and LBs for factor 4 (F4). The TMEM106B locus was genome‐wide significant with F1 (TDP‐43/HS) and the APOE locus was genome‐wide significant with F3 (ADNC/CAA) after adjusted for age at death, sex, and other factor scores. The SDK1 and FMNL2 loci were not genome‐wide significant, but had noteworthy associations with F2 (CVDs).ConclusionOur new approach to create mixed NP scores could detect the TMEM106B and APOE loci as TDP‐43/HS related and ADNC related regions, respectively. Although previous studies reported SDK1 as an ADNC related gene, we showed that the gene may be associated with CVDs.

The validity and IRT psychometric analysis of Chinese version of Difficult Doctor-Patient Relationship Questionnaire (DDPRQ-10)

ObjectiveThe doctor-patient relationship (DPR) plays a crucial role in the Chinese healthcare system, functioning to improve medical quality and reduce medical costs. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Difficult Doctor-Patient Relationship Questionnaire (DDPRQ-10) among general hospital inpatients in China.MethodsThe research recruited 38 resident doctors responsible for 120 participants, and factor analyses were used to assess the construct validity of the scale. Convergent validity was evaluated by examining the correlation between DDPRQ-10 and depressive symptoms, burnout, and self-efficacy, using the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-9 item (PHQ-9), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Both multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) and unidimensional item response theory (IRT) frameworks were used to estimate the parameters of each item.ResultsThe Chinese version of DDPRQ-10 showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.931), and fitted in a modified two-factor model of positive feelings and negative feelings (χ2/df = 1.494, GFI = 0.925, RMSEA = 0.071, SRMR = 0.008, CFI = 0.985, NFI = 0.958, NNFI = 0.980, TLI = 0.980, IFI = 0.986). Significant correlations with PHQ-9 with DDPRQ-10 and both subscales were revealed (r = 0.293 ~ 0.333, p < .001), while DDPRQ-10 score also significantly correlated with doctors’ MBI score (r = -0.467, p < .001). The MIRT model of full scale and IRT models of both subscales showed high discrimination of all items (a = 2.30 ~ 10.18), and the test information within the range of low-quality relationship was relatively high.ConclusionThe Chinese version of DDPRQ-10 displayed satisfactory reliability and validity and thus was appropriate for measuring the DPR in Chinese medical settings.

Multidimensional item response theory models for testlet-based doubly bounded data.

A testlet-based visual analogue scale (VAS) is a doubly bounded scaling approach (e.g., from 0% to 100% or from 0 to 1) composed of multiple adjectives, nouns, or sentences (statements/items) within testlets for measuring individuals' attitudes, opinions, or career interests. While testlet-based VASs have many advantages over Likert scales, such as reducing response style effects, the development of proper statistical models for analyzing testlet-based VAS data lags behind. This paper proposes a novel beta copula model and a competing logit-normal model based on the item response theory framework, assessed by Bayesian parameter estimation, model comparison, and goodness-of-fit statistics. An empirical career interest dataset based on a testlet-based VAS design was analyzed using the proposed models. Simulation studies were conducted to assess the two models' parameter recovery. The results show that the beta copula model had superior fit in the empirical data analysis, and also exhibited good parameter recovery in the simulation studies, suggesting that it is a promising statistical approach to testlet-based doubly bounded responses.

Parameters and Models of Item Response Theory (IRT): A Review of Literature

Abstract Introduction: Item response theory (IRT) has received much attention in validation of assessment instrument because it allows the estimation of students’ ability from any set of the items. Item response theory allows the difficulty and discrimination levels of each item on the test to be estimated. In the framework of IRT, item characteristics are independent of the sample and latent traits of the person are independent of the test on the account that the selected models perfectly fit the data. Therefore, scores that describe examinee performance are independent on test difficulty. The scores of the examinee may be lower on a difficult test and higher on easier tests, but the ability level of the examinee remains the same over any test at the time of testing. The IRT model allows the estimation of item parameters. The line of difference between the models and parameters of IRT is not clear to many students in assessment. Purpose:This paper reviews the parameters that are estimated using IRT and the models available in IRT. Also, the paper highlights the difference between the parameters and models and the various models under each set of data. Methods:Various literatures on IRT relating to the parameters and models of IRT are reviewed. Conclusions:There are four parameters estimated with IRT but the models are not four. Again, the models of IRT depends on the type of data. Dichotomous data has four models for the four parameters. However, polytomous data has two parameters: item difficulty and item discrimination for the models.

Validating Corruption Risk Measures: A Key Step to Monitoring SDG Progress

AbstractThe Agenda 2030 recognises corruption as a major obstacle to sustainable development and integrates its reduction among SDG targets, in view of developing peaceful, just and strong institutions. In this paper, we propose a method to assess the validity of corruption indicators within an Item Response Theory framework, which explicitly accounts for the latent and multidimensional facet of corruption. Towards this main aim, a set of fifteen red flag indicators of corruption risk in public procurement is computed on data included in the Italian National Database of Public Contracts. Results show a multidimensional structure composed of sub-groups of red flag indicators i. measuring distinct corruption risk categories, which differ in nature, type and entity, and are generally non-superimposable; ii. mirroring distinct dynamics related to specific SDG principles and targets.

Evaluating the Language- and Culture-Related Construct-Irrelevant Variance and Reliability of the Sense of School Belonging Scale: Suggestions for Revision

Using expert reviews and item response theory (IRT), this study evaluated the language- and culture-related construct-irrelevant variance and reliability of the 2019 TIMSS sense of school belonging scale (SSBS) for grades 4 and 8. The five items of the SSBS, which were identical for both grades, were reviewed for the language- and culture-related construct-irrelevant variance evidence by 10 assessment experts who have expertise in Chinese and English languages and cultures. Further, the existing TIMSS 2019 SSBS data associated with the countries of China (Hong Kong), Singapore, Australia, and America were analyzed within the framework of IRT for estimating the item and scale information function values (i.e., reliability) of the SSBS. The experts did find language- and culture-related evidence in each of the five items that might lead to the construct variance of the SSBS across these four countries. The IRT results further indicated that the SSBS item and scale information function values varied considerably across these four countries. Suggestions for revising the SSBS are proposed for TIMSS program developers.

Is the Polythetic Approach Efficient in Identifying Potentially Addicted to Work Individuals? Comparison of the Polythetic Approach With the Item Response Theory Framework

Is the Polythetic Approach Efficient in Identifying Potentially Addicted to Work Individuals? Comparison of the Polythetic Approach With the Item Response Theory Framework

Measuring problematic sexual behaviour: an item response theory examination of the Bergen–Yale sex addiction scale

ABSTRACT Background and aims Previous research investigated the prevalence and risk factors of problematic sexual behaviour (PSB) using the Bergen–Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS), among other instruments. However, a dearth of literature employed item response theory (IRT) to assess the BYSAS psychometric properties. The present study adopts an IRT framework to comprehensively examine the measurement aspects (including discrimination and severity) and the prevalence of PSB among a relatively large adult sample. Methods Participants (N = 968, 64.3% men, Mage = 29.5 years, age range = 18–64 years) completed the BYSAS. Results CFA determined that the BYSAS is a unidimensional construct. Additionally, IRT analysis showed variability in discrimination, severity, and reliability across BYSAS items, with a raw score exceeding 20, indicating a high risk of PSB. Accordingly, using this raw score 1.8% of the participants were at-risk of PSB. Conclusions Findings supported the differential use of BYSAS criteria for assessment purposes, while only a minority of participants presented to be at risk of problematic sexual behaviour difficulties.

Dinlediğini Anlama Testinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması

Introduction: Listening, the first language skill developed by many children, serves as the basis of subsequent language skills. In addition, listening comprehension skills affect reading success in many different groups such as typically developing readers, children with learning disabilities and children with specific language disorders. The purpose of this research is to adapt the listening comprehension measurement tool to Turkish culture. Method: The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the measurement tool within the framework of item response theory (IRT) through two-parameter logistic model (2PLM). Among model assumptions, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for unidimensionality Q3 statistics and item characteristic curv for the monotonic increase assumption showing the response probabilities conditional to the ability continuum were examined, respectively. The results for the assumptions were satisfactory. Then, general model-data fit, item-based model-data fit, discrimination parameters, difficulty parameters and information functions were examined with factor loadings. Findings: The results showed that item parameters were in the expected ranges in practical applications, and test information function peaked at lower ability level similar to the original measurement tool. Examining factor loadings, it was shown that they were higher than generally acceptable limit except for 23rd item. When contribution of this item to the model was tested statistically, it was concluded that it would be appropriate to include it in the measurement tool to keep the other items of associated with story block. Moreover, marginal reliability coefficient shows that the measurement results were highly reliable. Discussion: It was concluded that sufficient evidence of validity and reliability was obtained for one-dimensional structure of 36-item form of the measurement tool.

Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury Scale for Kids and Adolescents (QOLIBRI-KID/ADO) Using Item Response Theory Framework: Results from the Pilot Study.

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important indicator for recovery after pediatric TBI. To date, there are a few questionnaires available for assessing generic HRQOL in children and adolescents, but there are not yet any TBI-specific measures of HRQOL that are applicable to pediatric populations. The aim of the present study was to examine psychometric characteristics of the newly developed Quality of Life After Brain Injury Scale for Kids and Adolescents (QOLIBRI-KID/ADO) questionnaire capturing TBI-specific HRQOL in children and adolescents using an item response theory (IRT) framework. Children (8-12 years; n = 152) and adolescents (13-17 years; n = 148) participated in the study. The final version of the QOLIBRI-KID/ADO, comprising 35 items forming 6 scales, was investigated using the partial credit model (PCM). A scale-wise examination for unidimensionality, monotonicity, item infit and outfit, person homogeneity, and local independency was conducted. The questionnaire widely fulfilled the predefined assumptions, with a few restrictions. The newly developed QOLIBRI-KID/ADO instrument shows at least satisfactory psychometric properties according to the results of both classical test theoretical and IRT analyses. Further evidence of its applicability should be explored in the ongoing validation study by performing multidimensional IRT analyses.

A Time-Varying Dynamic Partial Credit Model to Analyze Polytomous and Multivariate Time Series Data

The accessibility to electronic devices and the novel statistical methodologies available have allowed researchers to comprehend psychological processes at the individual level. However, there are still great challenges to overcome as, in many cases, collected data are more complex than the available models are able to handle. For example, most methods assume that the variables in the time series are measured on an interval scale, which is not the case when Likert-scale items were used. Ignoring the scale of the variables can be problematic and bias the results. Additionally, most methods also assume that the time series are stationary, which is rarely the case. To tackle these disadvantages, we propose a model that combines the partial credit model (PCM) of the item response theory framework and the time-varying autoregressive model (TV-AR), which is a popular model used to study psychological dynamics. The proposed model is referred to as the time-varying dynamic partial credit model (TV-DPCM), which allows to appropriately analyze multivariate polytomous data and nonstationary time series. We test the performance and accuracy of the TV-DPCM in a simulation study. Lastly, by means of an example, we show how to fit the model to empirical data and interpret the results.

Modeling Rating Order Effects Under Item Response Theory Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments.

Rater effects are commonly observed in rater-mediated assessments. By using item response theory (IRT) modeling, raters can be treated as independent factors that function as instruments for measuring ratees. Most rater effects are static and can be addressed appropriately within an IRT framework, and a few models have been developed for dynamic rater effects. Operational rating projects often require human raters to continuously and repeatedly score ratees over a certain period, imposing a burden on the cognitive processing abilities and attention spans of raters that stems from judgment fatigue and thus affects the rating quality observed during the rating period. As a result, ratees' scores may be influenced by the order in which they are graded by raters in a rating sequence, and the rating order effect should be considered in new IRT models. In this study, two types of many-faceted (MF)-IRT models are developed to account for such dynamic rater effects, which assume that rater severity can drift systematically or stochastically. The results obtained from two simulation studies indicate that the parameters of the newly developed models can be estimated satisfactorily using Bayesian estimation and that disregarding the rating order effect produces biased model structure and ratee proficiency parameter estimations. A creativity assessment is outlined to demonstrate the application of the new models and to investigate the consequences of failing to detect the possible rating order effect in a real rater-mediated evaluation.

The Chinese version of patient-doctor-relationship questionnaire (PDRQ-9): Factor structure, validation, and IRT psychometric analysis.

The patient-doctor relationship has been considered as a crucial concept in primary healthcare, while the medical reform launched by the Chinese government in 2009 has brought significant changes to the healthcare system, which made it urgent to introduce reliable measurement instruments for assessing today's doctor-patient relationship in China. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Patient-Doctor-Relationship Questionnaire-9 item (PDRQ-9) scale among general hospital inpatients in China. A total of 203 participants responded to the survey, of which 39 completed retest after 7 days. Factor analyses were used to test the construct validity of the scale. Convergent validity was evaluated by the correlation between PDRQ-9 and depressive symptoms measured using PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-9 item). Both multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) and unidimensional item response theory (IRT) framework were used to estimate the parameters of each item. The two-factor model of relationship quality and treatment quality was supported (χ2/df = 1.494, GFI = 0.925, RMSEA = 0.071, RMR = 0.008, CFI = 0.985, NFI = 0.958, NNFI = 0.980, TLI = 0.980, IFI = 0.986). The PDRQ-9 and both subscales showed significant correlation with PHQ-9 (r = -0.196∼-0.309) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.865∼0.933). ANCOVA analysis adjusted with age revealed significant difference in PDRQ-9 ratings between patients with or without significant depressive symptoms (P = 0.019). The 7-day test-retest reliability of the scale was 0.730. The MIRT model of full scale and IRT models of both subscales showed high discrimination of all items (a = 2.46∼38.46), and the test information within the range of low-quality relationship was relatively high. The Chinese version of PDRQ-9 is a valid and reliable rating scale, which can measure the doctor-patient relationship among Chinese patients.

Applying Item Response Theory to the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire: Examining Psychometric Characteristics and Developing Computerized Adaptive Testing Version

Incoming students have many difficulties adjusting to college, and selecting appropriate measures to effectively screen them is indispensable, especially in China, where there is insufficient research in this area. To enrich domestic research, this study seeks to examine psychometric characteristics and develop a computerized adaptive version of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ-CAT) based on a sample of Chinese students. Under the framework of item response theory, the item bank of student adaptation to college was formulated after uni-dimensionality testing, model comparison, item fit testing, and local independence testing. Subsequently, a CAT simulation, including three termination rules, was performed using real data to evaluate and verify the SACQ-CAT. The results showed reliability values exceeding 0.90 when participants’ latent traits were between −4 and 3, covering majority of the subjects. The SACQ-CAT administered an average of fewer than 10 items to participants compared to 67 items on the original scale. The correlation coefficient between latency estimated by the SACQ-CAT and the SACQ is greater than .85, whereas the correlation coefficient with the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) scores ranges from −.33 to −.55 (p < .001). The SACQ-CAT largely reduced the number of items administered to the participants and avoided losing measurement precision.